to make real-time decisions should be presented on, or around the main video screen, so the
operator does not have to look far to see it.
Prior to this work, no other research interface in the cited studies used two video cameras on a
single robot platform. Using the two cameras (one front facing, one rear facing), we were the
first to do Automatic Direction Reversal (ADR). ADR allowed the operator to easily switch
their main video from the front camera to the rear camera. This switch also remapped the
driving controls and sensor information, so that it was no longer necessary to back up the robot.
This switch made the back of the robot appear the same as the front allowing the user to drive
the robot as so.
This work also provides lessons on how to provide good SA. By conducting experiments on the
interfaces, we have found a few things that work and a few things that do not, when it comes to
providing improved SA. For instance, the crosshairs seem to be working well. We have
documented very few cases where operators inadvertently drove with the camera off-center for
extended periods of time. We also provide, with the most current version of the interface, an
intuitive distance panel that is easy to interpret, thus requiring no mental stress. We have also
learned that when dealing with surroundings awareness, only close obstacles, roughly within a
meter of the robot, are of real-time importance to the operator. Providing additional
information about obstacles outside this range produces more mental stress and can adversely
affect SA.
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